Cities, subnational and local governments (SNLGs) have the capacity and willingness to be cornerstones of biodiversity mainstreaming, with direct authority on spatial management at the heart of the economy, and as key intermediaries between different levels of governance. Target 12 of the GBF particularly addresses urban planning and inclusive and sustainable urbanization. Other targets of the GBF on production and consumption, spatial planning, participatory approaches or monitoring are also highly linked with SNLGs responsibility and decisions making processes. COP 15 has also adopted a new “Plan of action on subnational governments, cities and other local authorities for biodiversity (2021-2030)”.